Post by H. İhsan Erkoç on Dec 17, 2004 1:09:53 GMT 3
(Originially posted by me at September 7, 2004)
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These are what Sharrukin posted in the old AE, fortunately I saved it
I have my humble ideas though. The "Altaic" cultures should be Turkic, because they are found in the areas that were far away from the lands of Mongolic and Tungusic peoples.
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(Originially posted by me at October 26, 2004)
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Who were the creaters and inhabitors of the famous Pazyryk Culture? Proto-Xiongnu? Eastern Saka? None of these, a separate people?
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(Originially posted by jstampfl at December 9, 2004)
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In the National Geographic June 2003. And Sept. 1996.
You can view a summary on line at:
magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0306/index.html
----
These are what Sharrukin posted in the old AE, fortunately I saved it
Bug-Dniester Culture. c. 6000 BC. Neolithic
Seroglazovo Culture . c. 6000 BC. Sub-Neolithic. Around southern Volga, northwest of the Caspian.
Dnieper-Donets Culture. c. 5000 BC. Neolithic.
Tripolye Culture. c. 4500. Eneolithic. Originated in the Balkans.
Sredny Stog Culture, c. 4500-3500 BC. Proto-IE's
Novodanilovka Culture. c. 4500. Eneolthic.
Lower Mikhaylovka-Kemi Oba Culture. c. 4500 Eneolithic
Samara Culture. c. 5000. Eneolithic. Succeeded Seroglazovo.
Ural Eneolithic Culture. c. 5000. Eneolithic
Pre-Caspian Culture. c. 5000. Eneolithic. Succeeded Seroglazovo.
Khvalynsk Culture. c. 4500. Eneolithic. Succeeded both Samara and Pre-Caspian Culture. Proto-IE's?
Maykop Culture. c. 4500. Eneolithic. Caucasus region.
Yamnaya Culture, c. 3600-2200 BC. Late Eneolithic. Stretched from the Danube delta to the Ural river, with regional variants. Satem IE's?
Afanasievo Culture, c. 3100-2000 BC. Derived from Yamnaya. Minusinsk region. proto-Centum IE's?
Srubnaya Culture, c. 2200-750 BC. Derived from Yamnaya. Proto-satem IE's.?
Catacomb-Grave Culture, c. 2200-1000 BC. Derived from Yamnaya. Unknown IE's.
Okunevo Culture, c. 2000-1500 BC. Intrusive eastern culture supplanting Afanasievo in Minusinsk. Proto-Altaics? Supplanted by Andronovo.
Andronovo Culture, c. 2000-1000 BC. Derived from Yamnaya. Indo-Iranian nomads.
Tazabagyab Culture, c. 1400-1000 BC. Variant of Andronovo Culture in the region south of Aral Sea. Proto-Aryans? (eastern Iranians).
Chust Culture, c. 1400. Variant of Andronovo Culture in Ferghana. Proto-Sakas?
Bishkent Culture, c. 1400. Varient of Andronovo Culture in Tadzhikistan. Proto-Sakas?
Karasuk Culture, c. 1250-750 BC. Late Bronze Age. Intrusive into easternmost Andronovo area. Altaics?
Cimmerian Culture, c. 1000-700 BC. Derived from Catacomb-Grave Culture. Cimmerians.
Early Nomad Culture, c. 1000-300 BC. Successor to the Andronovo Culture, with regional variants. Historic groups include Sarmatians, Issedones, "Other Scythians", and Arimaspians.
Scythian Culture, c. 750-200 BC. Derived from Srubnaya Culture. Scythians.
Tagar Culture, c. 800 BC-AD 1. Derived from Karasuk in Minusinsk region. Altaics?
Tuvinian Culture, c. 800-200 BC. Northern Mongolia.
Slab-Grave Culture, c. 700-200 BC. Mongolia
Sauromatian Culture, c. 600-400 BC. Derived from Early Nomad Culture. Western Sarmatians.
Massagetian Culture, c. 600-300 BC. Derived from Early Nomad Culture. Massagetae.
Pazyryk Culture, c. 500-200 BC.
Tashtyk Culture, c. AD 1-400. Derived from Tagar Culture. Minusinsk region. Altaics.
Seroglazovo Culture . c. 6000 BC. Sub-Neolithic. Around southern Volga, northwest of the Caspian.
Dnieper-Donets Culture. c. 5000 BC. Neolithic.
Tripolye Culture. c. 4500. Eneolithic. Originated in the Balkans.
Sredny Stog Culture, c. 4500-3500 BC. Proto-IE's
Novodanilovka Culture. c. 4500. Eneolthic.
Lower Mikhaylovka-Kemi Oba Culture. c. 4500 Eneolithic
Samara Culture. c. 5000. Eneolithic. Succeeded Seroglazovo.
Ural Eneolithic Culture. c. 5000. Eneolithic
Pre-Caspian Culture. c. 5000. Eneolithic. Succeeded Seroglazovo.
Khvalynsk Culture. c. 4500. Eneolithic. Succeeded both Samara and Pre-Caspian Culture. Proto-IE's?
Maykop Culture. c. 4500. Eneolithic. Caucasus region.
Yamnaya Culture, c. 3600-2200 BC. Late Eneolithic. Stretched from the Danube delta to the Ural river, with regional variants. Satem IE's?
Afanasievo Culture, c. 3100-2000 BC. Derived from Yamnaya. Minusinsk region. proto-Centum IE's?
Srubnaya Culture, c. 2200-750 BC. Derived from Yamnaya. Proto-satem IE's.?
Catacomb-Grave Culture, c. 2200-1000 BC. Derived from Yamnaya. Unknown IE's.
Okunevo Culture, c. 2000-1500 BC. Intrusive eastern culture supplanting Afanasievo in Minusinsk. Proto-Altaics? Supplanted by Andronovo.
Andronovo Culture, c. 2000-1000 BC. Derived from Yamnaya. Indo-Iranian nomads.
Tazabagyab Culture, c. 1400-1000 BC. Variant of Andronovo Culture in the region south of Aral Sea. Proto-Aryans? (eastern Iranians).
Chust Culture, c. 1400. Variant of Andronovo Culture in Ferghana. Proto-Sakas?
Bishkent Culture, c. 1400. Varient of Andronovo Culture in Tadzhikistan. Proto-Sakas?
Karasuk Culture, c. 1250-750 BC. Late Bronze Age. Intrusive into easternmost Andronovo area. Altaics?
Cimmerian Culture, c. 1000-700 BC. Derived from Catacomb-Grave Culture. Cimmerians.
Early Nomad Culture, c. 1000-300 BC. Successor to the Andronovo Culture, with regional variants. Historic groups include Sarmatians, Issedones, "Other Scythians", and Arimaspians.
Scythian Culture, c. 750-200 BC. Derived from Srubnaya Culture. Scythians.
Tagar Culture, c. 800 BC-AD 1. Derived from Karasuk in Minusinsk region. Altaics?
Tuvinian Culture, c. 800-200 BC. Northern Mongolia.
Slab-Grave Culture, c. 700-200 BC. Mongolia
Sauromatian Culture, c. 600-400 BC. Derived from Early Nomad Culture. Western Sarmatians.
Massagetian Culture, c. 600-300 BC. Derived from Early Nomad Culture. Massagetae.
Pazyryk Culture, c. 500-200 BC.
Tashtyk Culture, c. AD 1-400. Derived from Tagar Culture. Minusinsk region. Altaics.
SLAB-GRAVE CULTURE
In Mongolia, the Slab Grave Culture is one of the principal Early Iron Age cultures. With the exception of numerous bronze
artifacts which were chance finds and petroglyphs, this cultural group is represented by its burial complexes. Vertically
placed flat stone slabs, from which the name Slab Grave Culture is derived, mark the surface of each grave. The earliest
typical group of slab graves in northern Mongolia are sub-rectangular in shape, have concave walls, and are termed "figured".
Burial rituals were uniform. The dead were placed in ground pits or stone boxes in supine position and were oriented to the
east. In general the graves have been robbed and now only contain items such as clay vessels decorated before being fired
with plastic rolls of clay. Less frequently three-legged vessels, bronze knives, celts, and arrowheads have been found.
Frequent finds include various personal adornments such as carnelian and turquoise beads, and semi-spherical bronze bosses
that were sewn on the outer garments. Whetstones as well as articles carved from bone and horn also were grave offerings. A
grave of the "figure" type excavated in the Tevsh Mountains in the Gobi Desert yielded massive gold Siberian-type fibulae
embellished with modeled mountain goat heads and turquoise insets.
Although some may be older, the majority of the Slab Graves date form the 7th-3rd century BC. This culture appears to have
occupied a large part of modern Mongolia, particularly the eastern and central regions. The western border of the Slab Grave
Culture follows the depression of the Great Lake. This depression divides Mongolia north and south. Further west in the
Gobi-Altai foothills, slab graves are encountered only occasionally. They have not been found in the Russian Gorny Altai
region nor in Tuva. Slab burials are found beyond the northern border of Mongolia in Transbaikalia and a small number have
also been located in the Lake Baikal region. In southern Mongolia, slab graves are less frequent although Maringer and
Bergman (1955) have recorded a number including several of the "figured burials" in Inner Mongolia. Some burial sites in
northern Tibet are also similar to the slab graves burials.
For the most part grave good inventory, burial rites, and the anthropoligical skeletal type associated with the Mongolian
Slab Graves are identical to those of Transbaikalia. It would appear that in the 1st millennium BC, the steppes of central
and eastern Mongolia and those of Transbaikalia were a single ethnocutlural region."
Source. Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, pages 321, 324. Davis-Kimball, Bashilov, and Yablonsky,
editors.
In Mongolia, the Slab Grave Culture is one of the principal Early Iron Age cultures. With the exception of numerous bronze
artifacts which were chance finds and petroglyphs, this cultural group is represented by its burial complexes. Vertically
placed flat stone slabs, from which the name Slab Grave Culture is derived, mark the surface of each grave. The earliest
typical group of slab graves in northern Mongolia are sub-rectangular in shape, have concave walls, and are termed "figured".
Burial rituals were uniform. The dead were placed in ground pits or stone boxes in supine position and were oriented to the
east. In general the graves have been robbed and now only contain items such as clay vessels decorated before being fired
with plastic rolls of clay. Less frequently three-legged vessels, bronze knives, celts, and arrowheads have been found.
Frequent finds include various personal adornments such as carnelian and turquoise beads, and semi-spherical bronze bosses
that were sewn on the outer garments. Whetstones as well as articles carved from bone and horn also were grave offerings. A
grave of the "figure" type excavated in the Tevsh Mountains in the Gobi Desert yielded massive gold Siberian-type fibulae
embellished with modeled mountain goat heads and turquoise insets.
Although some may be older, the majority of the Slab Graves date form the 7th-3rd century BC. This culture appears to have
occupied a large part of modern Mongolia, particularly the eastern and central regions. The western border of the Slab Grave
Culture follows the depression of the Great Lake. This depression divides Mongolia north and south. Further west in the
Gobi-Altai foothills, slab graves are encountered only occasionally. They have not been found in the Russian Gorny Altai
region nor in Tuva. Slab burials are found beyond the northern border of Mongolia in Transbaikalia and a small number have
also been located in the Lake Baikal region. In southern Mongolia, slab graves are less frequent although Maringer and
Bergman (1955) have recorded a number including several of the "figured burials" in Inner Mongolia. Some burial sites in
northern Tibet are also similar to the slab graves burials.
For the most part grave good inventory, burial rites, and the anthropoligical skeletal type associated with the Mongolian
Slab Graves are identical to those of Transbaikalia. It would appear that in the 1st millennium BC, the steppes of central
and eastern Mongolia and those of Transbaikalia were a single ethnocutlural region."
Source. Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, pages 321, 324. Davis-Kimball, Bashilov, and Yablonsky,
editors.
I have my humble ideas though. The "Altaic" cultures should be Turkic, because they are found in the areas that were far away from the lands of Mongolic and Tungusic peoples.
----------------
(Originially posted by me at October 26, 2004)
----
Who were the creaters and inhabitors of the famous Pazyryk Culture? Proto-Xiongnu? Eastern Saka? None of these, a separate people?
----------------
(Originially posted by jstampfl at December 9, 2004)
----
In the National Geographic June 2003. And Sept. 1996.
You can view a summary on line at:
magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0306/index.html
